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Professional article for medical professionals
PRP injection techniques: The syringe is not the standard – the target tissue is.
A PRP treatment is not technically a single uniform procedure. An intradermal microinjection of the scalp, an intra-articular application in the knee, tendon fenestration and a PRF membrane in oral surgery involve different anatomical targets, preparation properties and application requirements. This article classifies the most important techniques by specialty and target tissue – with a focus on published procedures, imaging and the interface between preparation and application.
For professional users. This article describes application principles used in studies and specialist literature. It is not a treatment guide and does not replace specialist medical qualification, the intended purpose or instructions for use of the medical devices used. Volumes, depths, intervals and preparation parameters depend on the system and indication.
Chapter 1
Warum “PRP injection” is too broad a term
Define the technique first, then consider the specialty. Three questions distinguish procedures that are grouped under the same term.
Target tissue
Where should the preparation be delivered?
Dermis, subcutis, joint space, tendon, enthesis, mucosa or a surgical defect require different approaches. A technique therefore cannot be meaningfully defined by “PRP” alone.
Preparation
What is being applied?
Anticoagulated liquid PRP and i-PRF are different autologous blood products. Preparation protocols, fibrin formation and resulting material properties cannot simply be transferred from one to the other.5 Technical handling therefore depends not only on the target tissue but also on the preparation.
Guidance
How is the target controlled?
Superficial microinjections are usually visually guided. Deep joint, tendon or perineural procedures may benefit from ultrasound or other imaging. Greater targeting accuracy does not automatically mean a better clinical outcome.
RCF, rotor radius, run time and tube system determine the resulting cell and plasma fraction. RPM alone cannot be transferred between centrifuges.
- RCF
- Rotorradius
- Laufzeit
- Tube system
PRP or PRF, cell-poor or cell-rich, liquid or viscous: the properties of the preparation determine how it can be handled and distributed.
- PRP / PRF
- Leukozytenanteil
- Volumen
- Viscosity
Tissue layer and anatomical structure determine the approach – from the dermis via tendon and enthesis to the joint space or surgical defect.
- Tissue layer
- Anatomische Struktur
- Specialty
The distribution pattern describes how the preparation reaches the target: as a depot, nappage, linear deposit, bolus, via fenestration or as a matrix-based placement.
- Depot
- Nappage
- Linear
- Bolus
- Fenestration
Imaging during application, standardised documentation and follow-up assessment are what make results comparable in the first place.
- Bildgebung
- Dokumentation
- Verlauf
Chapter 2
Interactive technique atlas
The terminology is not always used consistently in the literature. The atlas therefore shows the principle of material distribution – not a prescribed depth or dose.
Gold shows the preparation, dark shows the needle. Schematic, without depth or volume specifications.
Papula / Mikrodepots
Many small, defined depots in superficial tissue layers.
- Verteilung
- punktuell, viele kleine Depots
- Target, schematic
- Superficial layers
- Typischer Kontext
- Dermatology, face and neck, scalp. Published protocols are heterogeneous in depth and volume.
| Technique | Verteilungsprinzip | Target, schematic | Typischer Kontext |
|---|---|---|---|
| punktuell, viele kleine Depots | Superficial layers | Dermatology, face and neck, scalp | |
| Broad-area, serial | Superficial layers | Dermatology and aesthetic medicine | |
| entlang eines Kanals | Dependent on target layer and preparation | Aesthetic and reconstructive concepts | |
| multiple tracks from one entry point | Broad-area, preparation-dependent | Viscous materials | |
| One concentrated depot | Dependent on indication and preparation | Across specialties | |
| mehrere Nadelpassagen | Tendon, enthesis | Orthopaedics and sports medicine | |
| In the joint space | Joint space | Orthopaedics, landmark- or image-guided |
Chapter 3
PRP application by medical specialty
Use the filter to view individual areas. The classification describes published procedures, not “the right technique” for a patient.
| Specialty | Intradermal, microinjection | Microneedling, topisch | Linear, fanning, depot | Joint, tendon, enthesis | Local, peri- or intralesional | Fibrinmatrix, chirurgisch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beschrieben | beschrieben | Described depending on preparation | Not described | Not described | Not described | |
| beschrieben | beschrieben | beschrieben | Not described | Not described | Not described | |
| Not described | Not described | Not described | beschrieben | Not described | Not described | |
| Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | beschrieben | beschrieben | |
| Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | beschrieben | Not described | |
| Not described | beschrieben | Not described | Not described | beschrieben | beschrieben |
Described in this articleDescribed depending on the preparation
Dermatology & aesthetic medicine
heterogenClinical studies of facial rejuvenation use injected PRP as well as PRP combined with microneedling; application technique and dose differ considerably between studies.1 Terms such as papule, point-by-point or nappage describe technical distribution patterns, but not a uniformly validated PRP protocol.
- Superficial: Microdepots, point-by-point and nappage are described as distribution principles.
- Broad-area: Microneedling can be combined with topical PRP application.
- Deeper or more viscous: Linear, fanning or depot-type concepts depend on the preparation; direct PRP comparative data are limited.
- Besonderheit Gesicht: Vascular anatomy and complication management are central safety factors.
- Evidence base
- 2025 systematic review: nine clinical studies and two observational studies; relevant heterogeneity in application and dose.1
- Standardisierung
- Low – technical terms are widely used but not validated as a universal PRP scheme
Trichology / scalp
direkte PRP-RCTsRandomised studies describe different application planes on the scalp: intradermal injection, subdermal depots and microneedle delivery. These differences illustrate why “hair PRP” is not technically a single uniform procedure.2, 19, 3
- Intradermal: In a placebo-controlled split-scalp RCT with 35 participants, hair density increased on both sides; there was no significant difference between the PRP and saline sides.2
- Subdermal: A randomised study in 30 women used subdermal PRP injections and reported differences versus placebo in photographic assessment, hair density and hair calibre.19
- Microneedle-Delivery: A split-scalp RCT published in 2025 with 20 participants found no significant differences in hair parameters after six months compared with intradermal injection; the microneedle side was rated as less painful.3
- Trichoscopy and standardised photography are used in studies for objective follow-up assessment.
- Evidence base
- Direct randomised PRP studies of different application routes
- Standardisierung
- Still low – no universally validated depth, grid density or depot size
Orthopaedics & sports medicine
breite PRP-LiteraturHere, anatomy has a particularly strong influence on the technique: intra-articular, peritendinous, intratendinous or targeted at the Enthese. Imaging can improve target control, but a better clinical PRP outcome does not automatically follow.
- Joint: Intra-articular application
- Tendon: Intratendinous depot or peritendinous placement
- Enthese: Peppering or fenestration with multiple needle passes has explicitly been used as part of the intervention in PRP studies.21
- Methodische Besonderheit: With fenestration, the mechanical puncture is itself part of the intervention; needling and PRP effects may therefore overlap.
- Bildgebung: A randomised comparison in lateral epicondylitis found no significant outcome difference between ultrasound- and palpation-guided PRP injection at 1, 3 and 6 months.13
- Evidence base
- Broad, but heterogeneous in PRP preparation, dose, concomitant needling and guidance
- Standardisierung
- Indication-dependent – technical precision and clinical outcome must be considered separately
Dentistry, maxillofacial & oral surgery
PRP and PRFIn dentistry, the topic does not end with injection. Liquid i-PRF, PRF clots and membranes extend application to matrix-based concepts.4, 5
- Liquid PRF variants for local application
- PRF clot and PRF membrane as a fibrin matrix
- „Sticky Bone“: Combination of fibrin-based autologous preparations with particulate augmentation material; a specific systematic review is available on this topic.20
- Direct placement in the surgical defect instead of classic microinjection
- Evidence base
- 2025 umbrella review with 40 systematic reviews; at the same time, a need for further high-quality RCTs.4
- Standardisierung
- Highly dependent on indication and the PRP/PRF form used
Gynaecology & urology
Not yet standardisedPublished applications range from periurethral or urethra-adjacent injections for stress urinary incontinence to vulvovaginal PRP injections. Protocols differ considerably.
- Stressinkontinenz: Injectable PRP protocols have been investigated in randomised and quasi-experimental studies.6
- Vulvovaginal applications: A systematic review describes clearly varying methods and applications.7
- No universal injection scheme can be derived from the current literature.
- Evidence base
- 2026 meta-analysis on stress urinary incontinence: eight studies, including three RCTs and five quasi-experimental studies, with a total of 257 women.6
- Standardisierung
- Insufficient – larger standardised RCTs with longer follow-up are required
Wound care & regenerative surgery
Materialform entscheidendThe wound-care literature describes injected, perilesional and topically applied PRP procedures. Meta-analyses also show marked heterogeneity by wound aetiology, application form and follow-up.22
- Peri- or intralesional application
- Topical PRP application
- Fibrin-rich matrix and covering concepts
- Surgical placement in defect areas
- Evidence base
- Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, but highly dependent on wound type and comparator therapy.22
- Standardisierung
- Low – wound data should not be generalised to other PRP indications
Chapter 4
Preparation and injection cannot be separated
A common misconception is to consider application only after centrifugation. In fact, preparation helps determine which material is subsequently available and in what form.
| Variable | Why it matters for application | What cannot be inferred from it |
|---|---|---|
| RCF, Rotor, Laufzeit | Influence the resulting cell and plasma fraction. RPM alone cannot be transferred between centrifuges. | No direct statement about clinical efficacy. |
| Volumen | Together with concentration, determines the absolute platelet dose; this is precisely the parameter included in the DEPA reporting approach.16 | “More volume = better” is not a universal rule. |
| Leukozytenanteil | Is an important characteristic of PRP composition and should be recorded separately in reporting.16 | A current Network-Meta-Analyse from 2026 found in Knie-OA no significant direct efficacy difference between LP-PRP and L-PRP.8 |
| Gerinnung, Fibrin | With PRF, the time window until clotting is part of the handling. | PRF protocols are not automatically transferable between systems. |
| Viscosity | Influences flow, required injection force and suitable application patterns. | A particular gauge is not universally “optimal”. |
Absolute platelet dose: report it better rather than optimise too quickly
Concentration alone describes a PRP application incompletely. The DEPA classification defines the administered platelet dose as concentration × volume, thereby making the absolute cell count a reporting parameter.16 A randomised dose study in early knee osteoarthritis compared 4 and 8 mL of the same leukocyte-poor PRP – averaging about 2.82 versus 5.65 billion administered platelets – and found better 6-month results in the higher-dose group, but also more short-term pain and stiffness.9 No universal target threshold can be derived from this.
Calculation aid for documentation
Calculate absolute platelet count
× 10³/µL
mL
× 10³/µL
Load study values:
Administered platelets
Milliarden
- Study arms 4 and 8 mL, reported means 2.82 and 5.65 billion9
- Frequently cited “10-billion threshold” – not an established standard
4 mL PRP with 706.74 × 10³ platelets/µL = 2.83 × 10⁹ administered platelets.
Important: The frequently discussed “10-billion threshold” is not a generally established therapeutic standard. A 2026 meta-analysis of 32 knee-OA trials found indications that 1–10 billion administered platelets may be at least as relevant as >10 billion for individual endpoints. The absolute platelet count is therefore an important reporting and research variable, but not a universal dosing instruction.18
Fine needles and platelets: what has actually been studied
In-vitro data argue against the blanket claim that fine needles inevitably “destroy” PRP. In the study by Bausset et al., passage through a 30G × 13-mm needle showed no significant additional P-Selectinactivation compared with untreated PRP (3.80% vs. 3.37%; p = 0.41).10 A separate 2025 laboratory study compared needle-free delivery with 26G, 27G, 30G and 33G and found no significant difference in the platelet concentration measured afterwards.17 However, this 33G study did not investigate the same functional and activation parameters as Bausset.
30G
Direct PRP laboratory study
Activation directly assessed
For passage through 30G × 13 mm, P-selectin was compared directly with untreated PRP; the difference was not significant.10
bis 33G
Neuere In-vitro-Daten
Konzentration untersucht
The 2025 study found no significant difference in measured platelet concentration between needle-free, 26G, 27G, 30G and 33G delivery.17 This is not a complete functional assessment for 33G.
Practice
Flow physics
Physik bleibt relevant
The smaller the internal lumen and the longer the needle, the greater the flow resistance. Syringe size, preparation viscosity and desired flow rate also play a role.
Physik-Modell zum Ausprobieren
Why internal diameter matters so much
- Flow resistance
- 1,0-fold
- Flow rate at the same pressure
- 100%
Hagen–Poiseuille: resistance ∝ viscosity × length ÷ radius4. Halving the internal diameter results in 16-fold resistance.
Chapter 5
Imaging: targeting accuracy is not the same as efficacy
Ultrasound can significantly improve anatomical targeting accuracy. The specific values 95,8 % versus 77,8 % come from the 2012 review by Berkoff, Miller and Block and are not PRP-specific.11 A systematic review published in January 2026 found cumulative values of 95,4 % (356/373) versus 82,0 % (268/327) for ultrasound- versus landmark-guided knee injections and aspirations.12
Ultrasound-guided
95,4 %
356 of 373 on target
Landmark-guided
82,0 %
268 of 327 on target
Calculated per 100 punctures, around 5 miss the target with ultrasound versus around 18 with landmark guidance.
Kasitinon et al. 2026, systematic review of knee injections and aspirations.12 These accuracy data are not PRP-specific.
2012 review of intra-articular knee injections.11 These accuracy data are not PRP-specific.
This makes the direct PRP comparison particularly interesting: in a randomised study of 60 patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis, both palpation- and ultrasound-guided PRP groups improved; at 1, 3 and 6 months there was no significant difference in pain, DASH or grip strength.13
“Where is the needle?”
Ultrasound helps measurably. Higher targeting accuracy at the knee in reviews and systematic reviews.11, 12, 14
„Wirkt PRP deshalb besser?“
- 1 monthNo significant difference
- 3 monthsNo significant difference
- 6 monthsNo significant difference
Not automatically. Lateral epicondylitis, 60 patients: both groups improved, with no between-group difference in pain, DASH or grip strength.13
Praktische Lesart: Ultrasound answers the question “Where is the needle?” very well. The question “Does PRP therefore work better clinically?” must be investigated separately for each indication.
Which imaging method fits which context?
Guides the needle
Ultrasound
Joints, tendons, entheses, effusions and deep soft-tissue structures. Doppler can also visualise vascular structures or neovascularisation.
Objectifies follow-up
Trichoskopie
Important in scalp studies for standardised follow-up assessment of hair density and hair parameters. It does not guide the injection but objectifies follow-up.
Dokumentiert
Photography and documentation
Essential in dermatology and aesthetic medicine, but meaningfully comparable only with standardised lighting, angle and camera settings.
Chapter 6
Safety: particularly relevant for the face and vascular-rich regions
10
published cases of unilateral visual impairment after PRP injections from seven publications, identified in a 2026 systematic review15
Case reports do not allow conclusions about absolute incidence. They do show, however, that “autologous” is not synonymous with “risk-free”. In vascular-rich facial regions, anatomical knowledge, qualification and complication management are central. The systematic review describes therapeutic options for ophthalmic vascular occlusion as limited; a PRP-specific dissolution treatment analogous to hyaluronidase for hyaluronic-acid fillers has not been established.15
Redaktionelle Konsequenz: This article deliberately omits millimetre-precise injection points, angles or step-by-step instructions for high-risk regions. Its informational value lies in classifying the procedures – not in providing remote instructions for invasive techniques.
Chapter 7
Evidence matrix: What do we know directly – and what only indirectly?
A key quality distinction in PRP content is not to mix direct PRP data with general injection research or practical knowledge. The matrix can be filtered accordingly by evidence level.
6 of 6 findings displayed
| Frage | Aktueller Befund | Evidence level |
|---|---|---|
| Does a 30G needle measurably activate PRP? | In the laboratory study, P-selectin activation after passage through 30G × 13 mm was not significantly higher than in untreated PRP.10 | direkt PRP |
| Is ultrasound always clinically better for PRP? | No. In lateral epicondylitis, a randomised PRP comparison found no significant outcome difference between ultrasound- and palpation-guided injection.13 | direkt PRP |
| Does ultrasound improve targeting accuracy? | For knee injections, the 2012 review, the 2021 Level-I review and the 2026 systematic review all show higher anatomical accuracy; these data are not PRP-specific.11, 14, 12 | indirekt |
| LP-PRP or L-PRP in Knie-OA? | A 2026 network meta-analysis of 21 RCTs with 2,254 patients found no significant direct efficacy difference. Temporary local reactions were reported more often with L-PRP, but the safety data were inconsistent.8 | direkt PRP |
| Is there an optimal absolute dose? | Absolute dose is a useful reporting variable. Dose-response signals exist in knee OA, but no universal threshold has been established.16, 9, 18 | direkt PRP |
| When should papule, nappage, linear or bolus techniques be used? | The terms describe different distribution patterns. Choice depends on target layer, preparation and clinical indication; standardised comparative data are often lacking. | Practice, technique |
Chapter 8
Why there is no universal PRP injection protocol gibt
Variable 1
Andere Biologie
Platelet count, leukocytes, plasma fraction, activation and fibrin formation vary by system and protocol.
Variable 2
Andere Anatomie
A scalp microinjection cannot technically be transferred to a tendon, joint space or periurethral tissue.
Variable 3
Different evidence
Even within a specialty, studies differ in preparation, volume, number of applications and endpoints.
Konsequenz
Reporting statt starres Protokoll
PRP application becomes comparable only when the entire chain from preparation to image guidance is documented.
The more useful standard is therefore not a rigid “PRP protocol”, but sauberes Reporting: How was the blood product prepared? What was applied? Into which target tissue? Using which technique and image guidance? Only then can studies, results and clinical experience be meaningfully compared.
Checklist for your own documentation
Five details that make an application comparable
0 of 5 documented
Chapter 9
Frequently asked questions
Is the thinnest possible needle always better for PRP?
No. Fine gauges may be technically useful for small superficial depots, but they increase flow resistance. Target tissue, internal lumen, length, viscosity, syringe and desired flow rate are all relevant. “Thinner = better” is not a scientific rule.
Is ultrasound necessary for every PRP injection notwendig?
No. Its benefit depends on the anatomical target. For deep joints, tendons or difficult-to-palpate structures, ultrasound can improve target control. Superficial intradermal techniques are a different context. An overall additional clinical benefit specifically for PRP has not been demonstrated for every indication.13
Can PRP, i-PRF and PRF-Membranen be considered the same application procedure?
No. PRP and i-PRF differ in preparation and material behaviour; i-PRF is prepared without anticoagulant and changes as fibrin formation begins. Systematic reviews also show that preparation protocols and comparability remain heterogeneous.5 PRF membranes and sticky-bone concepts are matrix-based surgical applications and not classic microinjections.20
Is leukocyte-poor PRP demonstrably superior in joints?
Not as a general rule. A 2026 network meta-analysis of 21 RCTs with 2,254 patients found no significant efficacy difference in direct comparison between leukocyte-poor and leukocyte-rich PRP. The authors currently see insufficient evidence to generally prefer one formulation.8
What role does syringe size play?
Smaller syringes can allow finer manual control with small volumes and generate higher fluid pressure at the same plunger force because of the smaller cross-section. The specific effect depends on the actual syringe design. Therefore, blanket “x-fold” claims should not be made without product-specific dimensions.
Chapter 10
Selected references and methodological notes
The editorial team used practical materials only for terminology and visualisation of application patterns. Medical statements in the article were checked against peer-reviewed literature and current systematic reviews.
B1-Quellencheck: Practical materials were used only for terminology and visualisation of application patterns. Numerical values and medical statements in the evidence sections were checked against original studies, randomised trials or current systematic reviews. Direct PRP evidence is separated from general injection and imaging evidence.
- Systematische Reviews / Meta-Analysen / Umbrella-Reviews 12
- Randomised studies 5
- Methods comparison 1
- Review 1
- Laboratory studies 2
- Klassifikation / Reporting 1
- 1Systematische ReviewRodríguez-Castro MJ, Cortés-Rodríguez AE. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in facial rejuvenation: A systematic review. Enferm Clin (Engl Ed). 2025;35(5):502161. DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcle.2025.502161. PubMed
- 2Randomised studyShapiro J, Ho A, Sukhdeo K, Yin L, Lo Sicco K. Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma as a treatment for androgenetic alopecia: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(5):1298–1303. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.006. PubMed
- 3Methods comparisonLu P, Liao M, Qiu X, et al. Platelet-rich plasma for androgenetic alopecia: intradermal injection or microneedle delivery? J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2025;27(3):53–63. DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2025.2488980. PubMed
- 4Umbrella-ReviewAcerra A, Caggiano M, Chiacchio A, Scognamiglio B, D'Ambrosio F. PRF and PRP in Dentistry: An Umbrella Review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(9):3224. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14093224. PubMed
- 5Systematische ReviewFarshidfar N, Amiri MA, Estrin NE, et al. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) versus injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF): A systematic review across all fields of medicine. Periodontol 2000. 2025;99(1):185–215. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12626. PubMed
- 6Systematische Review & Meta-AnalyseUtama BI, Al Birru AB, Cuandra KN, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of injectable platelet-rich plasma in women with stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med. 2026;13:1728478. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1728478. PubMed
- 7Systematische ReviewDe Ponte A, Cabrera S, Bermúdez Sparice SS, Baulies S, Rodríguez I. Platelet-rich plasma in the management of vulvovaginal disorders: a systematic review. J Sex Med. 2026;23(1):qdaf307. DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf307. PubMed
- 8Network-Meta-AnalyseXu B, Huang X, Su X, et al. Leukocyte-rich versus leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2026;21:222. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-026-06689-4. PubMed
- 9Randomised studyPatel S et al. Comparison of Conventional Dose Versus Superdose Platelet-Rich Plasma for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective, Triple-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Orthop J Sports Med. 2024;12(2):23259671241227863. PubMed
- 10Laboratory studyBausset O, Giraudo L, Veran J, et al. Impact of local anaesthetics and needle calibres used for painless PRP injections on platelet functionality. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014;4(1):18–23. PMID: 24932442. PubMed
- 11ReviewBerkoff DJ, Miller LE, Block JE. Clinical utility of ultrasound guidance for intra-articular knee injections: a review. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:89–95. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S29265. PubMed
- 12Systematische ReviewKasitinon D, Williams R, Peraka V, Özçakar L, Jain NB. Accuracy and Efficacy of Intra-articular Knee Injections/Aspirations Under Ultrasound Versus Landmark Guidance: A Systematic Review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2026;105(1):1–11. DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000002803. PubMed
- 13Randomised studySağlam G, Çetinkaya Alişar D. Ultrasound-guided versus palpation-guided platelet-rich plasma injection for the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis: A prospective, randomized study. Arch Rheumatol. 2023;38(1):67–74. PMID: 37235119. PubMed
- 14Systematische ReviewFang WH et al. Ultrasound-Guided Knee Injections Are More Accurate Than Blind Injections: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021. PMID: 34430899. PubMed
- 15Systematische ReviewEbrahimzade M, et al. Ophthalmic Vascular Occlusion and Blindness After Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections: A Systematic Review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2026;25:e70918. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.70918. DOI
- 16Klassifikation / ReportingMagalon J, Chateau AL, Bertrand B, et al. DEPA classification: a proposal for standardising PRP use and a retrospective application of available devices. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2016;2:e000060. DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000060. PubMed
- 17Laboratory studyYıldız I, Görgü M, Karanfil E, Yoldas H. The Effect of Needle Diameter on Platelet Concentrations in Platelet-rich Plasma Injections. Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2025;33(1):17–23. DOI: 10.4103/tjps.tjps_4_24. DOI
- 18Systematische Review & Meta-AnalyseHooper N, Shapiro S, Paidsetty V, et al. Platelet-rich plasma outcomes in knee osteoarthritis are associated with the amount of total deliverable platelets: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PM&R. 2026;18(2):210–222. DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.13455. PubMed
- 19Randomised studyDubin DP, Lin MJ, Leight HM, et al. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on female androgenetic alopecia: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(5):1294–1297. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.1021. PubMed
- 20Systematische ReviewSareen V, Santhi K, Saxena I, et al. Role of Sticky Bone in the Management of Various Alveolar Bone Defects: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024;16(7):e63561. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63561. PubMed
- 21Randomised studyPeerbooms JC, Sluimer J, Bruijn DJ, Gosens T. Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondylitis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial: PRP versus corticosteroid injection with a 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(2):255–262. DOI: 10.1177/0363546509355445. PubMed
- 22Systematische Review & Meta-AnalysePlatelet-Rich Plasma in Chronic Wound Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Clin Med. 2022;11(24):7532. PMC
Editorial status: 17 September 2026
This article is intended for medical professionals. It describes scientific and technical relationships and does not contain patient-specific diagnostic or treatment recommendations. Relevant requirements include professional qualification, individual indication, current guidelines, manufacturer information, product intended purposes and applicable law.